Asphalt Shingles

8 min read Updated 24 September 2026
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    Asphalt shingles are the most widely used steep-slope roof covering in North America.[1] Each shingle is a fibreglass mat saturated and coated with asphalt and surfaced with mineral granules, which protect the asphalt from UV light and give the shingle its colour.[2] The industry's trade association says they are on more than 80% of American homes, mainly because of low cost, easy installation and repair, and a wide range of styles.[3] The three main types are three-tab (flat, single layer), architectural or dimensional (laminated, thicker) and designer or luxury shingles made to look like slate or wood shake.[2] ARMA notes that a residential roof more than 20 years old is a prime candidate for replacement.[4]

    What are the advantages of asphalt shingles?

    • Affordability: Asphalt is the lowest-cost common roofing material. HomeAdvisor lists shingle material at about $100–$150 per roofing square (100 sq ft), before labour.[5]
    • Versatility: Available in a wide range of colours, textures and profiles, including styles that imitate slate and shake.[2]
    • Ease of installation and repair: ARMA calls asphalt shingles the easiest standard roofing material to apply. Individual damaged shingles can be replaced without disturbing a large area.[4][1]
    • Wind and impact options: Shingles are tested and classified for wind resistance. Impact-resistant versions (UL 2218 Class 4) are available for hail-prone areas and may earn insurance discounts from some insurers.[6]
    • Fire resistance: Fibreglass shingles are commonly rated Class A, the highest external fire rating for roof assemblies.[2][6]
    • Recyclability: Tear-off shingles can be recycled into asphalt pavement where recycling services exist.[7]

    What are the different types of asphalt shingles?

    Three-Tab Shingles

    Single-layer strip shingles with cutouts that divide the exposed edge into three tabs. They give a flat, uniform look and are the lowest-cost option.[2] Manufacturers typically give them shorter warranties and lower wind ratings than laminated shingles. For example, IKO's three-tab product carries a 25-year limited warranty and a 60 mph wind warranty.[8] See Architectural vs 3-Tab Shingles.

    Architectural (Dimensional) Shingles

    Two or more layers laminated together, with the sealant usually on the back. They are thicker and typically longer than three-tab shingles and create a textured, shadowed look.[2] They often carry limited lifetime warranties and higher wind warranties. IKO, for example, lists wind warranties of 110–130 mph for its laminated lines, depending on the product and whether high-wind nailing is used.[8]

    Premium, Designer or Luxury Shingles

    Heavier, multi-layer shingles with larger tabs, designed to imitate slate or wood shake.[2] They cost more but offer a high-end look without the weight of real slate.

    Impact-Resistant Shingles

    Made either with a reinforcing scrim on the back or with polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) that makes the shingle more flexible. PMA shingles are becoming the more common impact-resistant type.[2] They are tested to UL 2218, where Class 4 is the highest rating.[6]

    Fibreglass vs Organic Mats

    Today's asphalt shingles are predominantly fibreglass-based. Organic-mat shingles, made with a felt of cellulose fibres, were manufactured in the past and may still be found on older roofs.[4]

    Quick Comparison: Asphalt Shingle Types

    Type Construction Appearance Typical warranty (example) Best For
    Three-Tab Single layer with cutouts Flat, uniform e.g. 25-year limited, 60 mph wind[8] Budget projects, sheds, rentals
    Architectural Laminated, two or more layers Dimensional, shadowed e.g. limited lifetime, 110–130 mph wind[8] Most homes
    Premium/Designer Heavy multi-layer, larger tabs Mimics slate or cedar shake e.g. limited lifetime, 110–130 mph wind[8] High-end looks

    Warranty terms vary by manufacturer and product and are usually prorated after an initial period. IKO notes that warranty tables are not a guarantee of useful life, because real service life depends on roof design, ventilation, weather and exposure.[8]

    How are asphalt shingles installed?

    Correct installation matters as much as the product. Key U.S. model-code requirements (Canadian codes are similar but check local rules) include:

    • Minimum slope: Shingles may only be used on slopes of 2:12 or steeper. Between 2:12 and 4:12, double underlayment is required.[9] See Roof Underlayment Guide.
    • Ice barrier: Where ice damming at the eaves is a known problem, an ice barrier is required along the eaves.[10]
    • Fastening: Use the number of nails the manufacturer requires, and at least four per strip shingle.[11] Many manufacturers require extra nails for high-wind warranties.[8]
    • Wind classification: Shingle wrappers are labelled with an ASTM D3161 or D7158 wind class. Class F (D3161) or Class H (D7158) shingles are accepted for all code wind speeds.[12]
    • Ventilation: Balanced intake and exhaust ventilation helps prevent premature shingle deterioration. Shingle warranties can exclude damage caused by inadequate ventilation.[13][8] See Roof Ventilation.
    • Flashing: Walls, chimneys, vents, skylights and valleys need proper flashing, since these are common leak points. See Common Roof Problems.
    • Sealing: Factory sealant strips need sun and warmth to bond. Shingles installed in fall or winter may not seal until spring.[8]

    How do you maintain an asphalt shingle roof?

    • Inspect from the ground with binoculars periodically and after severe weather, looking for missing, cracked or curled shingles and heavy granule loss. Check the attic for stains or wet spots. ARMA advises against walking on the roof.[4]
    • Replace damaged shingles promptly. Keeping a few leftover shingles from the original job helps match colour.[1] See How to Replace Damaged Shingles.
    • Keep gutters and valleys clear of leaves and debris.
    • Treat algae streaks gently with a diluted bleach solution if desired. Never power-wash or scrub shingles, because it strips granules.[14]

    Periodic professional roof inspections help catch minor issues early.

    What are common problems with asphalt shingles?

    • Curling or buckling: Often linked to ageing, poor ventilation or installation errors.[13]
    • Granule loss: Granules shield the asphalt from UV, so heavy loss on an older roof speeds ageing and is a sign it is nearing the end of its service life.[2][4]
    • Wind damage: Lifted, creased or missing shingles. These can often be resealed or replaced individually.[1]
    • Hail damage: Bruises, cracks and granule loss. Impact-resistant shingles reduce the risk.[6]
    • Algae streaks: Dark streaks caused mainly by the alga Gloeocapsa magma. They are mostly cosmetic. Algae-resistant shingles are available.[14]
    • Cracking or splitting: Usually from age and repeated temperature cycling.

    See Common Roof Problems for more.

    How long do asphalt shingles last?

    Service life depends on shingle quality, climate, sun exposure, ventilation and installation. Laminated architectural shingles generally outlast three-tab shingles, and manufacturers back them with longer warranties.[8] ARMA advises that a residential roof over 20 years old is a prime candidate for re-roofing.[4] Signs a roof needs replacement include:

    • Widespread cracking, curling or missing shingles
    • Heavy granule loss
    • Repeated leaks or stains on the underside of the roof deck[4]

    Are asphalt shingles environmentally friendly?

    Shingles are petroleum-based, but tear-off shingles can be recycled. Recycled shingles are mostly used in asphalt paving. The National Asphalt Pavement Association reported 673,000 tons of reclaimed asphalt shingles used in U.S. pavement mixes in 2022.[7] Ask your contractor whether local recycling is available. Light-coloured or "cool" shingles with reflective granules can reduce cooling loads in hot climates. See Cool Roofs.[15]

    Find a Roofing Contractor

    Ready to hire a professional? Browse the roofs.wiki roofing contractor directory — an independently researched, BBB-verified ranking of the top roofing companies across the US and Canada, including Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver, and many more cities.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    How much do asphalt shingles cost?

    In the U.S., HomeAdvisor reports a typical shingle roof replacement costs about $6,100–$14,000, averaging around $10,000. Labour is about 60% of the total, and tear-off of the old roof adds $1–$5 per square foot.[16] Prices vary widely by region, roof size, pitch and shingle type, so get several written quotes. Canadian prices differ.

    How long do asphalt shingles last?

    It depends on the shingle type, climate, ventilation and installation. Architectural shingles generally last longer than three-tab and carry longer warranties.[8] ARMA considers a roof more than 20 years old a prime candidate for replacement.[4]

    Can you install asphalt shingles over old shingles?

    Sometimes. Model codes do not allow a new roof over one that is water-soaked or deteriorated, or that already has two or more layers of roof covering. That means one overlay at most.[17] A full tear-off lets the roofer inspect and repair the deck and is often recommended.

    Are asphalt shingles good for cold climates?

    Yes, when properly installed. In areas prone to ice dams, codes require an ice barrier along the eaves.[10] Also make sure the attic is well sealed, insulated and ventilated. Shingles installed in cold weather may not self-seal until warm weather arrives. Some manufacturers' high-wind warranties require shingles to be manually sealed if they have not had the chance to seal down.[8] See Best Roof Types for Cold Climates.

    What wind rating do I need?

    It depends on your local design wind speed. Shingles rated ASTM D3161 Class F or ASTM D7158 Class H are accepted for all wind speeds in the International Residential Code. Lower classes are limited to lower wind zones.[12]

    Related Resources

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Asphalt Shingle Roofs are Repairable: What You Need to Know — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Roof 101 — Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    3. ↑ Asphalt Shingles: Raising the B.A.R. — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Frequently Asked Questions — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    5. ↑ Roofing Costs – Material Price List — HomeAdvisor. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Asphalt Shingle Product and Test Standards — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Asphalt Shingle Recycling — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 IKO Limited Warranty Information for Asphalt Shingles (U.S.) — IKO Industries. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    9. ↑ IBC 1507.2 Asphalt Shingles (as adopted) — UpCodes. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 IBC 1507.2.7 / 1507.1.2 Ice Barrier (as adopted) — UpCodes. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    11. ↑ IBC 1507.2.6 Attachment (as adopted) — UpCodes. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 R905.2.6.1 Classification of Asphalt Shingles (International Residential Code, as adopted) — UpCodes. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Attic Ventilation Best Practices for Steep Slope Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Algae Discoloration of Roofs — Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA). Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    15. ↑ Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    16. ↑ How Much Does a Shingle Roof Replacement Cost? — HomeAdvisor. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
    17. ↑ R908.3.1.1 Roof Recover Not Allowed (International Residential Code, as adopted) — UpCodes. Retrieved 2026-09-24.
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